In the current edition of "The Teaching Professor," there is reference to "Comparing Direct Versus Indirect Measures of the Pedagogical Effectiveness of Team Testing," Journal of Marketing Education, December 2011, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 348-358, http://jmd.sagepub.com/content/33/3/348.refs . They test something like TBL and the results aren't very positive. Maybe of interest? I don't see many empirical papers like this, but maybe I'm not looking in the right places. - Bill -- Bill Goffe Department of Economics SUNY Oswego, 416 Mahar Hall Oswego, NY 13126 315-312-3444(v), 315-312-5444(f) [log in to unmask] http://cook.rfe.org